ثقافة

لغةُ الحلم / فادي جومر

بعيدًا عن الفكر النقدي للقصيدة المكتوبة بالمحكي، وعن تحفّظي الشديد للمعالجة النقدية لتجربة تمتد لثلاثة قرون على الأقل، بشكلها الراهن، وميلي لدراسة كل نصٍّ على حدى، أو دراسة تجربة شاعر بعينه في أحسن الأحوال ريثما يتشكل المخزون النقدي الكافي، الذي لم يبدأ تشكّله بعد، بما يسمح بدراسات نقديّة حقيقية. وهذا مجال له أهله وأخصائيوه.

بعيدًا عن كلّ ما سبق، يواجه تقييم النص الشعري المكتوب باللغة المحكيّة، ثلاث إشكاليات فكريّة مبدئيّة أكثر منها “نقديّة”، قد يكون حسمها ضروريًّا قبل البدء بمشروع نقدي يفي هذا الجنس الأدبيّ حقّه.

–           في تعريف اللهجة المحكيّة:

تبدو الأسس التي يعتمدها تصنيف النصوص غامضةً بالنسبةِ إلي، فاللهجة المحكيّة هي نتاج تطور طبيعي، وهي ليست ظاهرةً طارئةً على العربيّة أو سواها. الأصل في اللغة – أيّ لغةٍ – هو النطق، وقد ساد عند العرب عرفٌ بعد اختلاطهم بالشعوب المجاورة هو إرسال أبنائهم إلى القبائل التي ظلّت بعيدة عن المدن ومراكز الاختلاط بالعجم، ليحكوا مع أبنائها، وليأخذوا عنهم النطق الصحيح والقواعد الدقيقة للغة، إذ كانت الفصاحة من معايير التقييم العامة للإنسان في ذلك الزمان.

وتطور اللغة عمومًا يتكئ على ما “يُحكى” منها، ولاسيما عند العرب، فنتاجهم اللغوي ظلّ قرونًا مرهونًا بالشعر، الشعر الذي “يُحكى” أو “يُروى”. ولم تظهر المؤلفات المكتوبة إلّا في فترةٍ متأخّرة نسبيًّا مقارنةً بالشعر “المحكيّ”.

بالعودة إلى أسس المقارنة لتمييز المحكي عن غيره من النصوص، تظهر أسئلة ملحّة لا بد لها من إجابات –لا أزعم أنّي أملكها– لوضع قواعد علمية للتمييز، ومن ثمّ النقد، ولعلّ أهمها:

تطوّر اللغة: مفرداتٍ، وصورًا، وتعابيرَ، ومجازاتٍ: هل هو وَقفٌ على فرعٍ واحد منها؟ هل من المنطق اعتبار الفتح الذي حققه أبو تمام مثلاً، وتلاه المتنبي، في استخدام المفردات والمجازات، نصّاً “محكيًّا” مقارنةً بامرئ القيس أو النابغة؟ وعليه أبني: أتكون اللغة التي استخدمها السيّاب، وكلّ من جاء بعده وأخذ من منهله، مجرّد لغةٍ “محكيّة” مقارنةً بأبي تمام والمتنبي؟

–           اللغة أداة أم معيار؟

هل من المنطق تقييم المنتَج الإبداعي أو حتى غير الإبداعي، اعتمادًا على الأداة المستخدمة في إنتاجه؟

أيعقل أن نسأل رسامًا عن نوع الريشة، والألوان، والورق أو القماش، وغيرها من الأدوات التي استخدمها في إنتاج لوحته لتقيّم جمالها؟ أو لتقرر إن كانت لوحةً من أصله؟

أو أن تسأل موسيقيًّا عن نوع الخشب المستخدم في صنع آلته، لتقرر إن كانت المقطوعة التي ألّفها موسيقا أو مجرد ضجيج؟

أرى أن من السذاجة بمكان، تقييم القصيدة، اعتمادًا على اللغة المستعملة في رسم صورها، وأخيلتها، وبناء موسيقاها، وإيصال روحها بدل التركيز على الصور، والأخيلة، والموسيقا والروح ذاتها. فالاعتماد على اللغة للبدء بالتقييم، لا يقل سطحيّة عن الاعتماد على شكل الآلة الموسيقيّة في تقييم جمال مقطوعةٍ ما.

–           القنزعة*

يخترع بعض “المثقفين” ألقابًا، وأوصافًا، للقصيدة المحكية، محاولين جهدهم حرمانها من صفة: الشعر، مختلقين مفرداتٍ أقرب للعنصرية كـ “النظم الشعبي” وما شابه دون أي أسس نقديّة أو علميّة في التوصيف، أو يقعون في الخلط المرعب المغرق في الجهل مطلقين وصف “الزجل” على كل ما يُقال بغير الفصحى، ولعلهم لم يسمعوا زجلًا في حياتهم، إذ إن للزجل أوزانًا، وروحًا، مميزة لا يخطئها إلّا من لم يكلف نفسه يومًا عناء سماعه.

ولعل أهم أسباب هذه “القنزعة” هي افتقار النخب إلى الانتماء الحقيقي، فهم في نهاية المطاف أبناء هذه “الشعوب”، إلّا أنّ المسافة بينهم وبين أهلهم، تغدو أبعد كل لحظة، فهم قلّما يكتبون عنهم، أو لهم، أو بأصواتهم وأرواحهم. المتعبون لا يعرفون البنفسج في القصائد، فلون البنفسج الذي رسخ في أعينهم هو اللون “النيلّي” للجلد بعد الضرب.

وإن حاول بعض هؤلاء الـ “بعض” تصنّع الاقتراب من الناس سواءً بالثرثرة عن أوجاعهم، أو بطرح القضايا الإشكالية في تحديد الهوية والانتماء والمستقبل: بما يوافق الميول الشعبية المتوترة المتحفّزة العدوانية نتيجة السحق الديكتاتوري بالتواطؤ مع النخب لكل روح “شعبية”، رغم كلّ هذا التكلّف، تسقط الأقنعة كلها حين يصل الأمر إلى ممتلكات المثقف الخاصة: الشعر والأغنية والمسرح والموسيقا، وكل وجوه الإبداع. فهذه مملكته التي لا يسمح لـ “الشعب والشعبيين” بالاقتراب منها، هو يحب الناس، لكن لبيقوا بعيدًا عن الإبداع، هو يحبهم كمقتنيات في (فترينة) ورثها من جدته. هم التحف اللطيفة التي يعرضها على زواره “المثقفين” أصحاب المشاريع الحقيقية، كما يعرض مكحلاً من الفضة، أو “جرن الكبّة”.

كيف يستقيم ادعاء الانتماء لشعب، مع تهميش أداة ذات الشعب الأولى في التعبير عن روحه؟

كيف يستقيم ادعاء الانبهار بشعب، لا تبهرنا أغنياته؟

أكانت أهازيج جدّاتنا التي دفّأت أرواحنا، وحمّلتنا قيم الصفاء مجرّد: “نظم شعبي”؟

قد يطول البحث في “سيكولوجيا القنزعة” وقد يودي إلى أماكن تورث العداء وهذا ما لا أحبه، ولكني ختامًا، أوجز فأقول: أنا أحلمُ باللغة المحكية، ولغةٌ تصلح للحلم، هي لغةٌ أكبر من كونها مجرد لغة “صالحةٍ للشعر” بلا جدال.

———–

*القنزعة: مصطلح شعبي يُقال لمن يبالغ في غروره واستخفافه بالناس، مع مسحة من التصنع الأجوف. لم أجد له معادلاً في العربية “الفصحى”.

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